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What causes ADD/ADHD?
The causes of ADD/ADHD remain relatively unknown. However, researchers
have discovered that the biological factors are major contributors
to the disorder. ADD/ADHD tends to run in families, thereby indicating
a strong genetic origin. Moreover, neuroimaging research shows that
brains of individuals with ADD/ADHD differ fairly consistently from
those without the disorder. The brain areas that control attention
(i.e., pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum) have been
found to be slightly smaller and demonstrate less activity in individuals
with ADD/ADHD. Although researchers have been unable to pinpoint
the exact genetic or biological origins of ADD/ADHD, they have been
able to rule out most environmental causes. ADD/ADHD is NOT caused
by poor parenting, family problems, ineffective teachers or schools,
or food allergies, though environmental factors can interact with
an individual’s genetic/biological propensity to develop the
disorder.
Is ADD/ADHD more common in boys than in
girls?
It is a common belief that ADD/ADHD is far more prevalent in boys
than in girls. Research suggests that 5 to 10 percent of school-aged
children in the United States will be diagnosed with ADD/ADHD, and
boys are three or four times more likely to be diagnosed than girls. However, recent research indicates that ADD/ADHD is
under-diagnosed in girls. Boys are more likely to display the hyperactive/impulsive
symptoms of ADD/ADHD, whereas girls are more likely to experience
only the inattentive symptoms. Hyperactive and impulsive behaviors
(e.g., fidgeting, getting out of their seats in school, blurting
out answers) typically make the disorder more noticeable at home
and in the classroom and lead to a far greater referral rate for
boys. However, the inattentive symptoms (e.g., poor attention to
details, forgetfulness, distractibility) can be just as detrimental
to educational success, self-esteem, and social relationships. Often
ADD/ADHD in females goes unrecognized until school work becomes
more difficult (4th grade to middle school).
Is there a specific test to diagnose
ADD/ADHD?
No. ADD/ADHD is a clinical diagnosis, and there is not a specific
test that determines whether an individual has ADD/ADHD. The best
method of assessing for ADD/ADHD is to have a qualified mental health
professional, such as a Licensed Psychologist, conduct a comprehensive
assessment. A comprehensive assessment is important
given that many problems and disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety,
dyslexia, sleep deprivation, working memory deficits) can cause
attention deficits. Such an evaluation typically includes a thorough
review of history, behavioral observations, interviews, behavioral
checklists from multiple informants (parents, teachers, self), a
computerized test of attention, and standardized testing of cognitive
abilities and academic skills. A more thorough evaluation can lead
to a more accurate diagnosis, a better understanding of strengths
and resources, and individualized treatment recommendations.
Are there treatment options other than medication?
There are a variety of treatment options for treatment besides
medication. Various types of therapy have been shown to be helpful.
Specifically, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be effective
for individuals. A main focus in CBT is to decrease
impulsivity and to practice skills that help the individual stop
and think before acting. Individual therapy can also be beneficial
in addressing social skills deficits and self-esteem concerns. Family
therapy and parent training are also common treatment options for
children and teens with ADD/ADHD. These techniques can address family
dynamics, introduce effective behavioral modification methods, and
concentrate on creating a structured and supportive environment.
For many individuals, a combination of therapy and
medication has been found to be an effective treatment approach.
Although the stimulant medications that are commonly prescribed
for ADHD/ADD (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall) are fairly well tolerated,
individual responses to medication vary, and some people prefer
not to pursue medication due to side effects or personal reasons.
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